in fact, this study focused on the following questions: 1. is there any difference between the effect of functional/notional approach and the structural approaches to language teaching on the proficiency test of efl learners? 2. can a rather innovative language test referred to as "functional test" ge devised so so to measure the proficiency test of efl learners, and thus be as much reliable an...

efl/esl textbooks have been regarded as essential language teaching materials with which the learners spend about 70 up to 90 percent of their class time. the important role they play and their vast use make them not only influential in learning the language but also in shaping values and attitudes. put it another way, textbooks socialize learners using their contents (i.e. texts, illustrations...

the present study aimed at exploring cognitions of iranian english teachers within the context of english for academic purposes (eap). to this end, the cognitions of two groups of eap teachers with respect to their pedagogical content knowledge (pck) and their sense of professional identity (pi) were probed. two language teachers and two content instructors who had at least five years of eap te...

abstract: the potato tuberworm, phthorimaea operculella (zeller), is an important insect pest of potato (solanum tuberosum l.) in the storage and field in most parts of the world especially in tropical and subtropical regions due to its close relationship with the host, high reproductive potential and high economic losses. information on host preference, life table parameters and digestive en...

abstract the primary purpose of this study was to explore the actual practices and cognitions of two groups of iranian eap teachers, i.e. language teachers and content teachers, with respect to teaching reading-comprehension and vocabulary. to this end, tehran university of medical sciences which authorizes both groups of teachers to teach eap courses was selected as the context of the study s...

راحتی سفر (ride comfort) در خودرو ها بستگی به احساس سرنشیان داخل وسیله نقلیه نسبت به ارتعاشات وارد شده بر خودرو دارد. ارتعاشات بدنه خودرو ناشی از عوامل گوناگونی مثل ناهمواری های سطح جاده، نیروهای آیرودینامیکی، ارتعاشات موتور و نابالانسی چرخ ها می تواند باشد[1].عموما ناهمواری های سطح جاده منبع اصلی ارتعاشات ایجاد شده بر روی وسیله نقلیه بوده و ضربه های اتفاقی ناشی از ناهمواری های جاده، خودرو را د...