The Fluid Metrology Group (FMG) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is developing a primary, dynamic gravimetric liquid flow standard for use in the range 100 nL/min to 1 mL/min (and eventually lower). An elevated reservoir of water with a pressure head of a few centimeters provides a flow to the meter under test and the discharged water from it flows to a micro-balance...

The collection of hydrological data is particularly important for the utilization and management of water resources, water conservation, and flood control. Most of the hydrological observation operations should be conducted manually and are time-consuming, strenuous, dangerous, and have low precision. In this study, the shortcomings of the manual observations are overcome and the uncertainties ...

Rapid detection of bursts and leaks in water distribution systems (WDSs) can reduce the social and economic costs incurred through direct loss of water into the ground, additional energy demand for water supply, and service interruptions. Many real-time burst detection models have been developed in accordance with the use of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems and the estab...

Abstract The interruption of supply in water distribution systems is a common management practice particularly prevalent developing countries. Upon reopening, the air expelled through user service pipes, which causes over-reading and seriously impacts meter reliability. This paper aims to assess by laboratory tests effects flow on performance tests, using set-up with diameters comparable those ...

The attenuation of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation in five lakes in Central Finland was evaluated through field measurements and/or by determining the optical properties of the lake water during summer 1999. Spectral UV irradiance in the air and at several depths underwater was measured in three lakes (Lake Palosjärvi, Konnevesi, and Jyväsjärvi) with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ranging from...