Timothy Williamson’s Modal Logic as Metaphysics is, among much else, a detailed and complex defense of the metaphysical view he calls necessitism, the view that necessarily everything necessarily exists (is something), that although it may be a contingent matter how things are, what things there are is entirely a matter of necessity. The majority of contemporary modal metaphysicians reject this...

The specific defect in molecules of sickle hemoglobin (HbS) has been known for many years (1), but the nature of the assembled polymers of HbS which distort susceptible erythrocytes remains unclear. Several structural forms of sickled hemoglobin have been observed in electron microscopic studies, including a mat-like arrangement of fibers (2), empty hexagonal crystals (3), microtubules (4), and...

Strikingly, Ogawa and Wildasin (2009) find that in a model with heterogenous jurisdictions, interjurisdictional capital flows, and interjurisdictional environmental damage spillovers, decentralized planning outcomes are equivalent to that under a single centralized planner. Taken to its extreme this result renders international agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol irrelevant. We first show the...

L-Arginine (Arg) has been widely used due to its functional properties as a substrate for nitric oxide (NO) generation. However, L-citrulline (CIT), whose main natural source is watermelon, non-essential amino acid but which important health potential. This review provides comprehensive approach different studies of the endogenous synthesis CIT, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic...