inflammatory bowel disease, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, tumours, are exam­ples of chronic degenerative diseases that have a high prevalence in developed nations. these chronic-non-communicable dis­eases have multifactorial aetiologies that considered to be caused by the interaction of environmental risk factors with multi­ple predisposing genes. gen...

following the formation of the persian empire by cyrus the great and its extension by darius i, from indus river in india to nile in egypt, persian kings felt that there is a need to use an international language to be understandable by all nations of this great empire. this need was greater when they sent orders and messages to these different nations. when darius i defeated his enemies and su...

Epistemic injustice in human rights education (HRE) can be found a colonial historical trajectory of that rests on accounts western agency only. Such narratives overshadow the legacy Indian and Pakistani freedom fighters Latin American feminists who negotiated against colonial, patriarchal racist discourses after Second World War. Without their contribution United Nations (UN) concept risked be...

Using discourse analysis as its methodology, this article demonstrates how the Turkish political elite sought to play a ‘Western nation role’ towards Afghanistan in order appeal indirectly US elite. In that sense, underlines how, under coalition (1999–2002) and Justice Development Party (2002–) rule, governments used security humanitarian narratives underscore Turkey’s contributions Western aft...

Abstract This article explores the quest for sovereign equality by China and Japan as it unfolded in a specific historical moment, third quarter of nineteenth century. It does so focusing on debate around ‘coolie trade’, i.e., traffic Chinese indentured labourers, which offered an opportunity non-Western countries such to position themselves with respect Western conceptions ‘modernity’ or ‘civi...