keyvan karkoodi*, saeed khalajzadeh department of animal science, saveh branch, islamic azad university, saveh, iran   *corresponding author's e-mail: [email protected]   received: 12 august 2013 accepted: 21 november 2013   abstract   thirty neonatal male holstein calves fed by starter diets containing ground wheat (gw) or dry-rolled wheat (drw) to 12 weeks of age. skeletal growth ...

Hydrogels provide effective alternatives for drug delivery when therapeutics cannot be applied directly to a wound, or if adverse effects are associated with systemic administration. However, vehicles need biocompatible and biodegradable exhibit sufficient mechanical strength withstand handling different physiological conditions, such as those encountered during topical administration of therap...

A high-fat/high-protein diet has been reported to promote colon cancer by increasing luminal bile acid and ammonia concentrations, whereas butyrate, calcium, and low colonic pH may have protective effects. In this study, bromodeoxyuridine labeling of colonic epithelium was investigated after incubating biopsies from the ascending colon of 70 patients with HCl (20 mM, pH 6.0), butyric acid (H-BU...

UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Sirtuins are important regulators of glucose and fat metabolism, and sirtuin activation has been proposed as a therapeutic target for insulin resistance and diabetes. We have shown leucine to increase mitochondrial biogenesis and fat oxidation via Sirt1 dependent pathways. Resveratrol is a widely recognized activator of Sirt; however, the biologically-effective high con...

In the present study we have compared the effects of leucine supplementation and its metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methyl butyrate (HMB) on the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the PI3K/Akt pathway during two distinct atrophic conditions, hindlimb immobilization and dexamethasone treatment. Leucine supplementation was able to minimize the reduction in rat soleus mass driven by immobilization. On the ot...

The replacement of petroleum feedstocks with biomass to produce platform chemicals requires the development of appropriate conversion technologies. 3-Hydroxy-γ-butyrolactone has been identified as one such chemical; however, there are no naturally occurring biosynthetic pathways for this molecule or its hydrolyzed form, 3,4-dihydroxybutyric acid. Here we design a novel pathway to produce variou...

Biological sex is an important genetic determinant of outcome from cerebral ischemia and clinical stroke. Emerging data suggest that sex, as well as reproductive steroids, shapes ischemic cell death in brain. Female sex steroids, the estrogens and progesterone, provide robust neuroprotection in a variety of experimental settings and strongly contribute to sex‐specific responses to ischemia. The...