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BACKGROUND The use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has substantially improved the outlook for patients with HIV infection. However, lifelong exposure to cART is also associated with adverse metabolic changes and an enhanced risk of renal, hepatic, and cardiovascular dysfunction. This study investigated disruptions of the urinary metabolome of cART-exposed patients, thereby furtheri...

BACKGROUND Co-infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among HIV infected individuals especially in developing countries. Early initiation of cART in these patients when CD4+ T cell count is less than 200cells/mm3 has reduced disease progression and mortality. However for patients with higher CD4+ T cell counts greater than 350cells/mm3 eviden...

BACKGROUND CD4 cell count is a strong predictor of the subsequent risk of AIDS or death in HIV-infected patients initiating combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). It is not known whether the rate of CD4 cell decline prior to therapy is related to prognosis and should, therefore, influence the decision on when to initiate cART. METHODS AND FINDINGS We carried out survival analyses of patie...

Estrogen reduces brain injury after experimental cerebral ischemia in part through a genomic mechanism of action. Using DNA microarrays, we analyzed the genomic response of the brain to estradiol, and we identified a transcript, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), that is highly induced in the cerebral cortex by estradiol under ischemic conditions. Using in vitro and in vivo m...

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)-IR axons densely innervate the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), partly arising from neuronal perikarya in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. The source of the remaining CART innervation, however, is unknown. We have recently demonstrated that neurons co-containing adrenaline and CAR...