GSM-Railways (GSM-R) is an obsolete mobile technology with a number of shortcomings in terms of capacity and capability. These shortcomings become a major issue for railways as GSM-R may limit the number of running trains in some areas and it cannot support advanced data services. Hence, alternative technologies, such as LTE, have to be considered as a future railway communication technology. T...

When the railway appeared as a new means of transportation in the first half of the 19th century, its top speed of 30 to 40 km/h was considered dangerous. In Germany, where Adler transported two barrels of beer between Nuremberg and Fürth in 1835 as the first German rail freight, physicians warned people against such perilous adventures and farmers were worried that their cows grazing alongside...

One of the methods for dealing with the problem of water shortage and the decline of groundwater levels in the arid areas is the construction of underground dams. It is difficult to make a decision about suitable locations for the construction of underground dams because of the necessity to consider numerous factors. Some of these criteria are hydrological, geological and geomorphologic charact...

A Wireless Underground Sensor Network (WUSN) is a network of wireless sensor devices in which all sensor devices are deployed completely underground (network sinks or any devices specifically for relay between sensors and a sink may be aboveground). These networks can be utilized to monitor the underground environment, especially soil conditions and aboveground events, such as the presence of p...

This study uses " Multiple Indicators – Multiple Causes" (MIMIC) approach to model the causal relations between main variables, which determine the underground economy in Iran. we Basically, it examines the relationship between underground and official GDP in Iran, using annual time-series data for Iran during 1965 – 2005. Accordingly, it is found that the estimated size of the underground ...

GSM-Railways (GSM-R) is an obsolete mobile technology with a number of shortcomings in terms of capacity and capability. These shortcomings become a major issue for railways as GSM-R may limit the number of running trains in some areas and it cannot support advanced data services. Hence, alternative technologies, such as LTE, have to be considered as a future railway communication technology. T...

The main sources of funds for railway investment projects in Russia are still state and regional budgets, from the National Welfare Fund, net profit Russian Railways, pension savings Pension Fund Russia. reform system Ministry Railways creation JSC “Russian Railways”, which began 2016, has not yet released budget financing its needs, there been no active use private investment. Moreover, monopo...