The sea ice simulations by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4) models for the climate of the twentieth century and for global warming scenarios have been synthesized. A large number of model simulations realistically captured the climatological annual mean, seasonal cycle, and temporal trends of sea ice area over the Northern Hemisphere during 1979–...

The radiation damage induced in cerium dioxide CeO2 and cerium-gadolinium mixed oxides (Ce, Gd)O2-x was studied by micro-Raman spectroscopy diffuse UV-visible reflectance spectroscopy. Sintered samples of undoped for 1 mol% 5 Gd2O3 were irradiated at room temperature with 2.5-MeV Ar2+ 12-MeV Ar4+ ions up to high fluences (i.e. × 1014 cm−2 2.1 respectively). Raman spectra show that no amorphizat...