This paper offers terms for talking about information and how it relates to both matter-energy and communication, by: (1) Identifying three different levels of signs: Index, based in contiguity, icon, based in similarity, and symbol, based in convention; (2) examining three kinds of coding: Analogic differences, which deal with positive quantities having contiguous and continuous values, and di...

If the argument N gets duplicated and it contains a reducible expression, its reduction will be duplicated too. It may seem that an eager strategy (possibly delayed “on demand”, as in the “call by need” strategy) could solve the job. Unfortunately, this is not the case. Let us consider first the case of weak frameworks. In this case, functions are treated as values and reduction is never pursue...

Ryan Francis grew up in Cole Harbour, Nova Scotia, Canada and is a member of Acadia First Nation. He played hockey the United States while he completed an undergraduate degree Sport Management before returning to obtain Master Physical Education Administration, Curriculum, Supervision. currently employed as Manager Provincial Outreach Coordination for Scotia Department Communities, Culture, Tou...

OBJECTIVE When deciding about diabetes treatments, patients are typically uninformed about how much time is required before (time requirements), or for how long treatments change outcomes (legacy effects). However, patients may be motivated to adopt treatments with time-related treatment information. We explored whether this information alters a patients' likelihood of starting medications. R...

Classroom videos are a viable means to implement evidence-informed reasoning in teacher education order establish an teaching practice. Although learning with relieves pre-service teachers from acting parallel and might reduce complexity, the material still poses higher cognitive load than written text vignettes or other traditionally used static material. In particular, information they delive...