Benzodiazepines, one of the most commonly prescribed class of drugs for the pharmacological treatment of sleep disorders, are controversially discussed for their adverse effects such as physical dependence and withdrawal. Because of the effects of Benzodiazepines, feigning sleep disorders, also described as malingering, may be a viable mean for individuals to get access to prescription of benzo...

GHB is an increasingly popular drug of abuse that can be associated in select cases with growing dependence and a severe withdrawal syndrome. While benzodiazepines are recommended for treatment of the withdrawal syndrome, some cases have been described as benzodiazepine-resistant. The authors describe treatment of such a case, which was unsuccessfully treated initially with benzodiazepines, the...

conclusions midazolam could be used as a safe and effective drug for conscious sedation, general anaesthetic premedication and the treatment of seizures during dental treatment. however, further research on paediatric patients would be beneficial. evidence acquisition to conduct this review of the literature, pub-med and scopus were searched using the following terms: midazolam, oral, transmuco...

background: benzodiazepine (bzd) toxicity alone or with other drugs is common in poisoning emergency departments of iran. the aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiovascular findings in patients with benzodiazepine poisoning upon admission to the emergency department. methods: in a prospective study which was followed by retrospective analysis, 267 patients poisoned with bzd were evaluated...

background: agitation is an early symptom of the acute opioid withdrawal syndrome in addicts that may start by inappropriate use of naltrexone. the current drug interventions are not efficient or need critical care as well. this study compares the clinical role of midazolam and diazepam for the management of agitation due to inappropriate use of naltrexone. materials and methods: in this double...

The purpose of this report is to describe the use of flumazenil as a diagnostic aid in the differential diagnosis of coma in a patient with an inadvertent overdose of benzodiazepines. We report a patient with suspected septic encephalopathy whose level of consciousness markedly improved following flumazenil administration. Subsequent analysis revealed the presence of benzodiazepines and their m...

INTRODUCTION Aging of the population results in an increase in senior drivers. Elderly are frequently treated with benzodiazepines and antidepressants. The objective of this study was to determine whether the concurrent use of benzodiazepines and antidepressants is associated with motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) in the elderly. METHODS This was a nested case-control study within a cohort of dr...

A meta-analytic review of the efficacy of pharmacological treatment in generalized anxiety disorder was conducted. The main substance classes were compared: benzodiazepines and azapirones. The impact of methodological variables was investigated such as sample size and use of a placebo run-in. After a comprehensive literature search to May 2002 (via databases, hand search, secondary sources, int...

GABA(A) receptors are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels involved in fast inhibitory neurotransmission and are allosterically modulated by the anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and sedative-hypnotic benzodiazepines. Here we show that the prokaryotic homolog ELIC also is activated by GABA and is modulated by benzodiazepines with effects comparable to those at GABA(A) receptors. Crystal structures re...

The aim of this study was to validate a new method for determining benzodiazepines in urine via their benzophenone derivatives, based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Selected benzodiazepines were analysed after acid hydrolysis of urine and extraction by ethyl acetate in the presence of an internal standard. Samples were analysed using electrospray ionization LC-MS/...