Caudal duplication is an abnormality which usually affects the digestive, urogenital and even respiratory systems. It forms a graded series from slight duplication to near separation of two fetuses caudocranially. In some conjoined twins, duplication process may cranially proceed up to the head region. This kind of developed conjoined monocephalus twin has been reported in many domestic species...

Complete duplication of genitourinary system, colon and vertebral column is a very rare and complex congenital condition termed as "caudal duplication syndrome" with variable presentations. This term is often quoted as a type of incomplete separation of mono-ovular twins or conjoined twinning. It is associated with other congenital malformations of the genitourinary, gastrointestinal and other ...

Urethral duplication is a rare congenital anomaly. In addition to a normally urethra, there is an accessory urethra arising from the bladder or the proximal urethra which may open anywhere on the penis or even on the perineum. Many patients with this malformation are asymptomatic. Some patients may complain of intermittent discharge from the accessory urethra, incontinence, infection, double st...

The WRKY gene family encodes a large group of transcription factors that regulate genes involved in plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Sorghum is a notable grain and forage crop in semi-arid regions because of its unusual tolerance against hot and dry environments. We identified a set of 85 WRKY genes in the S. bicolor genome and classified them into three groups (I–III). Among the ...

Bladder duplication is a rare entity in children. The term encompasses a wide spectrum of anomalies from isolated bladder duplication in coronal or sagittal planes to duplicated bladder exstrophy and associated musculoskeletal and visceral anomalies. Given this wide variability, the treatment of these patients is not standardized. We hereby present a female patient with chief complaint of long-...

True median cleft of the upper and lower lip occurs very rarely. Complete or partial facial duplication is an extremely rare malformation. Approximately 26 cases have been reported since 1900, spanning a wide spectrum of clinical severity. Most cases appear to share a number of features, including cleft palate, duplication of the tongue, orbital hypertelorism and macrostomia. An unusual patient...

Diphallia is a rare urogenital defect and varies from small accessory penis or duplication of the glans to complete penile duplication. Its incidence 1 in 5.5 million live births. Only 100 cases were reported 1609 until 2021. A two-year-old boy with diphallia multiple congenital anomalies had an uncircumcised two urethral orifices, accompanied by scrotum bifidum, asymmetric right buttock, norma...