This paper presents a four-stage DC/DC converter with high precision and small ripple utilized in an electronic power conditioner (EPC). The galvanically isolated topology contains four cascade connections: buck circuit, push–pull converter, voltage regulator. switches, as well the diodes output-side rectifier, operate zero-voltage switching (ZVS) zero-current (ZCS) modes at both switch off on,...

This paper examines the effects of emissions allowances allocation schemes on the extent of the GHG (greenhouse gas) leakage and the contract shuffling. Two allocation methods, grandfathering and the output-based method, are considered. Whereas grandfathering separates future allowances allocation from today’s decisions, the output-based approach links the future awarded allowances to today’s o...

In this paper a novel ultra-high compliance, low power, very accurate and high output impedance current mirror/source is proposed. Deliberately composed elements and a good combination (for a mutual auto control action) of negative and positive feedbacks in the proposed circuit made it unique in gathering ultra-high compliances, high output impedance and high accuracy ever demanded merits. The ...

A new very high performance low voltage cascode current mirror (CM) circuit is proposed in this work. The CM utilizes the low supply voltage and low input resistance characteristics of a cascode CM. In this CM, cascode configuration is used to obtain a wide operating current range and resistance compensation technique is incorporated to increase the operating bandwidth. The peaking in frequency...

A CMOS class AB current mirror whose supply requirements are restricted to one threshold voltage plus three saturation voltages is presented. The circuit uses two poly resistors and two auxiliary differential amplifiers to achieve low-voltage operation, as well as control of quiescent currents and input bias voltage. A design example is implemented in a 0.5-μm standard technology and uses a 1-V...

In low ambient temperatures the engine will have poor output torque and power generation at the first cycles of its performance, long start time and huge noxious emissions because of insufficient temperature and quality of air-fuel mixture and failure of flame to burn the charge. It is noted that any attempt to increase the charge temperature leads to better combustion conditions. By applying t...

The devices such as diode and thyristor are generally used in industrial, commercial and residential applications hence need to undergo rectification for their proper functioning and operation. They are connected to the grid comprising of non-linear loads and thus have non-linear input characteristics, which results in production of non-sinusoidal line current. Due to the increasing demand of t...