introduction:  the  use  of  mobile  communication  systems  has  dramatically  increased  over  the  past  decade. although many studies have been performed to determine the effect of radio frequency (rf) but  less attention has been paid to the possible biological impact of exposure to extremely low frequency  (elf) components.   the objective of this study is two folds. one is to design the ...

A theoretical analysis was carried out to investigate the characteristics of plasma arc injected transverse to a transverse-alternating magnetic field. Two mathematical models were developed to describe both the oscillating amplitude of the plasma arc root and the heat flux density distribution of plasma arc on the workpiece surface. The characteristic of plasma arc under the external transvers...

We consider that no mean magnetic field exists during this epoch, but that there is a mean magnetic energy associated with large-scale magnetic inhomogeneities. We study the evolution of these inhomogeneities and their influence on the large scale density structure, by introducing linear perturbations in Maxwell equations, the conservation of momentum-energy equation, and in Einstein field equa...

Faraday rotation of the polarization plane in magnetized thermal plasma provides one of the most efficient methods to deduce regular magnetic fields from radio astronomical observations. Since the Faraday rotation measure RM is proportional to an integral, along the line of sight, of magnetic field weighted with thermal electron density, RM is believed to yield the regular magnetic field averag...

A gauge-invariant and hence physically meaningful definition of magnetic helicity density for random fields is proposed, using the Gauss linking formula, as the density of correlated field line linkages. This definition is applied to the random small-scale field in weakly inhomogeneous turbulence, whose correlation length is small compared with the scale on which the turbulence varies. For inho...

performing fast and accurate methods for modeling the electrical machines has been the subject of several studies and many authors proposed different procedures to attain this aim. beside the accuracy, the speed of the method is of great concern. on the other hand, the capability of the method to be changed according to the need is another important issue. finite element method provides relativ...

INDEX OF SYMBOLS B Magnetic flux density (Tesla) c Speed of light ≈ 3×10 m/s Co Capacitance per unit length (F/m) Em Magnetic energy storage (Joules) H Magnetic field intensity (A/m) I Current (A) J Current density (A/m) K Surface current density (A/m) Lo Inductance per unit length (H/m) L Inductance (H) N Coil turns R Reluctance (A-turns/Wb) Φ Flux (Weber) λ Flux linkage (Weber-turns) εo Permi...