Iterated decision making can be studied in laboratory using situations, like the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), in which participants face repeatedly the same decision problem getting feedback after each choice. In the paper we focus on a recurring finding in experiments carried out with the IGT, the frequency of the contingent event effect—i.e., the fact that people consistently prefer options asso...

We introduce new treatments of a voluntary contribution mechanism with opportunities to punish, to see how contributions and punishments change when (a) each dollar lost in punishment must be awarded to another team member and/or when (b) obtaining information on individuals’ contributions is a costly choice. Conjectures that tying punishments to rewards might reduce punishment of high contribu...

This paper characterizes the optimal way for a principal to structure a rank-order tournament in amoral hazard setting (as in Lazear andRosen in J Polit Econ 89:841–864, 1981). We find that it is often optimal to give rewards to top performers that are smaller inmagnitude than corresponding punishments to poor performers. The paper identifies four reasons why the principal might prefer to give ...

A framework for mental fatigue is proposed, that involves an integrated evaluation of both expected rewards and energetical costs associated with continued performance. Adequate evaluation of predicted rewards and potential risks of actions is essential for successful adaptive behaviour. However, while both rewards and punishments can motivate to engage in activities, both types of motivated be...

studies have not examined the extent to which the dorsal 3 Department of Psychology and ventral striatum are activated in response to dis-New York University plays indicating monetary rewards and punishments New York, New York 10003 presented unpredictably in time. However, there is evidence that randomly presented primary rewards elicit striatal activation. Electrophysiological recording stud-...

The purpose of this study was to examine the principal's policy in increasing student interest learning PAI at SMA Negeri 13 Padang. This research uses qualitative with a case approach (case study). Sources data were taken through direct interviews informants consisting school principals, Islamic Religious Education teachers, and studentsOverall, results found that, first, aspect students' lear...