Retroviral vectors are becoming standard tools in cell biology as well as potential therapeutic agents for human disease. Many investigators have come to believe that retroviral vectors are safe, but both current biosafety guidelines and distributors of vectors recommend using the vectors under Biosafety level-2 (BSL-2) containment, with certain experiments requiring BSL-3 practices. This short...

BACKGROUND The East African region has experienced several Rift Valley fever (RVF) outbreaks since the 1930s. The objective of this study was to identify distributions of potential disease vectors in relation to disease epidemics. Understanding disease vector potential distributions is a major concern for disease transmission dynamics. METHODS DIVERSE ECOLOGICAL NICHE MODELLING TECHNIQUES HAV...

Understanding spatial patterns of human risk of exposure to arthropod vectors and their associated pathogens is critical for targeting limited prevention, surveillance, and control resources (e.g., spatial targeting of vaccination, drug administration, or education campaigns; use of sentinel sites to monitor vector abundance; and identifying areas for most effective use of pesticides). Vector-b...

introduction: cutaneous leishmaniasis is a parasitological disease that is spread in many tropical and subtropical areas in world. this disease transmitted by female sand flies. it is clear that knowledge on sand flies ecology has the main role to planning of control of cl. this study was carried out for determination of cl vectors, in ghanavat district in qom province during 2012. material and...

Ritz method is one of the techniques for reduction of the degrees of freedom. Efficiency of Ritz method depends on used vectors. The Ritz method uses load depended vectors in spite of modal method and for this reason it is expected to give better results than modal method. This is the advantage of Ritz method. It is worth mention that the mode shapes are independent of loading. The vectors that...

The fuzzy structured element (FSE) theory is a very useful toolfor dealing with fuzzy multi-criteria decision making (MCDM)problems by transforming the criterion value vectors of eachalternative into the corresponding criterion function vectors. Inthis paper, some concepts related to function vectors are firstdefined, such as the inner product of two function vectors, thecosine of the included ...

Sandflies are proven vectors of several viruses, bacteria, and parasites, causing many vector-borne diseases like leishmaniasis. Morocco aims to eliminate the disease by 2030. However, this continues be a public health issue in country despite all efforts limit its spread. The present study evaluated knowledge, practices, behaviors university students regarding sandflies as leishmaniasis vector...