BACKGROUND Private water systems are more likely to have nitrate levels above the maximum contaminant level (MCL). Pregnant women are considered vulnerable to the effects of exposure to high levels of nitrates in drinking water due to their altered physiological states. The level of methemoglobin in the blood is the biomarker often used in research for assessing exposure to nitrates. The object...

Due to alarming increase in population and rapid industrialization, drinking water quality is being deteriorated day by day in Pakistan. This review sums up the outcomes of various research studies conducted for drinking water quality status of different areas of Pakistan by taking into account the physicochemical properties of drinking water as well as the presence of various pathogenic microo...

This article examines the design and social impact of waterways in Athens early 5thC BCE. While Athenian political landscape transitioned from a series tyrannies to democracy at end Archaic period (ca. 650-480 BCE), archaeological record also shows widespread innovation development public water systems, particularly sanitation supply. A movement away buildings constructed by tyrants facilitated...

Packaged “sachet” water has become the primary drinking water source for millions of West Africans despite ongoing controversy over inadequate management of the new waste streams created by all the plastic wrappers. While recent literature from Ghana has shown that municipal water rationing and lower socioeconomic status tend to drive sachet consumption at the metropolitan scale, some lowincome...

Exposure to radioactive elements or having them through drinking water causes many biological risks. Therefore, it is important to investigate the drinking water especially in regions where people depend on well water for drinking. Concentrations of some radionuclides in some water wells, in Arar city of Saudi Arabia, were measured by using Hyper Pure Germanium (HPGe) Detector. Concentrations o...

background: many radioactive compounds may be released into the environment and hence into the drinking water supplies due to the human activities. radionuclides can also enter the food chain if the contaminated water is used for drinking or irrigation purposes. objective: to estimate the annual effective dose of natural radioactive materials like 226ra and 40k in drinking water of wells in zan...

Background: Measurement of back ground concentration of uranium in drinking water is very important for many reasons, specially, for human health. The uranium concentration in drinking water in many counties is a matter of concern for clinical and radioactive poisoning. Materials and Methods: The uranium concentration in drinking water is determined using laser flourimatric uranium analyzer. Fo...

The behaviour of a turbulent, axisymmetric, Boussinesq, vertical fountain that impinges on a horizontal plate a distance H from the fountain source is investigated. Images from Light Induced Fluorescence visualisation of the flow provide a clear picture of the internal structure of the impinging flow. The interaction between the impinging fountain and the plate results in a buoyant radial wall ...

INTRODUCTION Access to safe drinking water is essential to human life and wellbeing, and is a key public health issue. However, many communities in rural and regional parts of Australia are unable to access drinking water that meets national standards for protecting human health. The aim of this research was to identify the key issues in and barriers to the provision and management of safe drin...

Economic valuation of water is useful in the administration and management of water. Population growth and urbanization caused municipal water demand increase in Iran. Limited water resource supply and urban water network capacity raised complexity in water resources management. Present condition suggests using economic value of water as a criterion for allocating policies and feasibility study...