264 The fact that alcohol is an addictive drug has been known to man for millennia. Alcohol abuse/dependence is the most common substance-related disorder. A drug can be defined as a substance that produces tolerance (increasingly large amounts are needed to produce the same effect) and withdrawal (psychological and physical distress develop after substance use ceases). The addicted person suff...

Recipients of liver transplantation (LT) require long-term immunosuppressive drug treatment, but lifelong immunosuppressive treatment has severe side effects. It is known that some LT recipients develop immune tolerance, and although the development of such operational tolerance should allow a decrease in the burden of immunosuppressive drug treatment, the factors that indicate operational tole...

  Tolerance and dependence are two main problems that have limited morphine administration as an analgesic drug and they might be as a result of changes in the number and affinity of receptors, dysfunction of adenylate cyclase, impaired coupling between activated µ receptor and K+ channels, and changes in the K+ and Ca2+ channels. There are several reports concerning the role of some of these...

Tolerance is an important component of opiate addiction, but the molecular basis for this phenomenon remains obscure. Here, we report that mice lacking neurotrophin-4 (NT4) display substantially reduced tolerance to morphine compared to wild-type. However, there were no deficits in sensitization and withdrawal, other behaviors relevant to drug addiction. Since NT4 knockout mice also show abnorm...

Recovery from specific immunological tolerance to sheep erythrocytes induced with the drug cyclophosphamide was studied with the hemolytic plaque technique of Jerne. The base line plaque (19S antibody-forming cell of the unstimulated spleen) and the proliferative response to antigen, both of which had disappeared during tolerance induction, returned with the recovery of specific immunological r...

BACKGROUND Antibiotic exposure rapidly selects for more resistant bacterial strains, and both a drug's chemical structure and a bacterium's cellular network affect the types of mutations acquired. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To better characterize the genetic determinants of antibiotic susceptibility, we exposed a transposon-mutagenized library of Escherichia coli to each of 17 antibiotics...

Opiates, chiefly morphine, are commonly known as the best drugs for relief of pain, but due to development of tolerance and the physical or mental dependency the use of these drugs are restricted. Several neuroendocrine complications including diabetes change the antinociception of morphine and the development of tolerance and dependency to this drug. The withdrawal signs in diabetic rats signi...

the purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotional regulation training group therapy, based on dialectical behavioral therapy (dbt) and cognitive therapy, on improving emotional regulation and distress tolerance skills and relapse prevention in addicts.in a quasiexperimental study, 39 patients with the diagnosis of opioid dependence based on dsm-iv criteria were randoml...