A detailed discussion of the point in polygon problem for arbitrary polygons is given. Two concepts for solving this problem are known in literature: the even-odd rule and the winding number, the former leading to ray-crossing, the latter to angle summation algorithms. First we show by mathematical means that both concepts are very closely related, thereby developing a first version of an algor...

In 1917, the German War Ministry commissioned Arthur Scherbius to invent a cipher machine. The early history of device was determined by political and economic disasters. Enigma taken up dubious businessmen in 1920. 1925 that ended catastrophe.

l Salvador’s civil war claimed 75,000 lives, lasted 12 years, and devastated the country in ways felt to this day. Even so, U.S. counterinsurgency scholars often point to El Salvador as a success story and source of lessons for wars to come. Through military and economic aid, and the deployment of 55 advisers to assist with the counterinsurgency effort, the United States helped the San Salvador...

This paper enquires into whether economic sanctions are effective in destabilizing authoritarian rulers. We argue that this effect is mediated by the type of authoritarian regime against which sanctions are imposed. Thus, personalist regimes and monarchies, which are more dependent on aid and resource rents to maintain their patronage networks, are more likely to be affected by sanctions. In co...

war and war-related concepts constitute a considerable portion of key words in political literature and strategic-security studies. apart from its theoretical significance, war is a palpable term for the individuals and political players. it is a serious threat to humanity that has been paid due attention in the course of history by the political philosophers, strategists and even ordinary peop...

deccan was under the control of six muslim ruling dynasties, i.e. the bahmanîds and their successors from the second half of the eight century to the end of the eleventh century (a.h.). most of the ruling class, the aristocrats and courtiers in that period were muslims. but the state particularly villages and small towns were dominated practicing hindus and they still form the majority in decca...