The paper argues that the modern school is an ‘intolerable’ institution.11 We refer to in Foucault’s sense of modernity as attitude and a power/knowledge regime. That is, form power developed since sixteenth century, drawing on expanding older technique ‘pastoral’ has it’s origins Christian institutions (Foucault, 1982 Foucault, M. (1982). subject power. Critical Inquiry, 8(4), 777–795.[Crossre...

At the start of their first semester, 35 college freshmen were given an interview probing (a) their differentiation of scientists’ ideas from evidence, and hypotheses from theories; (b) their understanding of the inherent uncertainty of scientific knowledge; and (c) their reasoning about scientific controversies. The most common responses were in terms of an epistemology in which scientists’ id...