OBJECTIVE This article outlines an epistemological framework for understanding how Hill's criteria may aid us in establishing a causal hypothesis (A causes B) in an observational study. METHOD We consider Hill's criteria in turn with respect to their ability or otherwise to exclude alternative hypotheses (B causes A; there is a common cause of A and B; there is no causal connection between A ...

the warrant of truth has long been drawing the attention of philosophers.in order to find out the truth value one should determine first the criterion of truth. discursive or representational knowledge are related to objects external of mind and so since external circumstances are involved in occurrence of this sort of knowledge, its truth value is diminished. presential knowledge, however, is ...

Using a simple version of the model for the quantum measurement of a two level system, the contention of Aharonov, Anandan, and Vaidman that one must in certain circumstances give the wavefunction an ontological as well as an epistemological significance is examined. I decide that their argument that the wave function of a system can be measured on a single system fails to establish the key poi...

one of the remarkable concerns of existing thinkers in the field of philosophy of religion is question of philosophical and epistemological approach to ideological movements. moreover, they explain their position toward reason and its epistemological value. the epistemological importance of this issue is because of its assumptions like: relation and situation of “narration and reason”, “revelat...

This article explores the role of ‘robustness-notions’ in an account of the engineering sciences. The engineering sciences aim at technological production of, and intervention with phenomena relevant to the (dis-)functioning of materials and technological devices, by means of scientific understanding thereof. It is proposed that different kinds of robustness-notions enable and guide scientific ...

This study attempted to investigate the level of EFL learners’ epistemological beliefs and learning strategy use as well as the contribution of epistemological beliefs to their learning strategy use in Bahir Dar University. Comprehensively selected 136 EFL students at the Faculty of Humanities of Bahir Dar University responded to modified versions of Epistemological Beliefs Questionnaire and Mo...

This study attempted to investigate the level of EFL learners’ epistemological beliefs and learning strategy use as well as the contribution of epistemological beliefs to their learning strategy use in Bahir Dar University. Comprehensively selected 136 EFL students at the Faculty of Humanities of Bahir Dar University responded to modified versions of Epistemological Beliefs Questionnaire and Mo...

Three questions were addressed in this study. Is there evidence of epistemological beliefs congruency between students and their instructor? Do students’ epistemological beliefs, students’ epistemological congruence, or both predict mathematical anxiety? Do students’ epistemological beliefs, students’ epistemological congruence, or both predict mathematical performance? Over 200 vocational tech...