A novel speech bandwidth extension method based on audio watermark is presented in this paper. The time-domain and frequency-domain envelope parameters are extracted from the high-frequency components of speech signal, and then these parameters are embedded in the corresponding narrowband speech bit stream by the modified least significant bit watermark method which uses perception property. At...

A farmer field school programme aims to impart knowledge and promote new technology. The is expected enhance farmers’ performances. However, the empirical evidence remains unclear. few studies have examined impact of this on technical efficiency in Indonesia. current study specifically investigates causal Farmer Field School Integrated Crop Management (FFS-ICM) maize production We used a stocha...

In this paper we evaluate the efficiency of extension programmes in adoption chemical fertilizers Ethiopia between 1994 and 2004 using matching techniques a quasi-experimental setting. addition to common factors, measures culture, proxied by ethnicity religion, aim control for potential tensions agents peasants. We find considerable impact services on first fertilizer adoption. Although, there ...

Household food security remains a challenge in South Africa. The national government instituted the Integrated Food Security Strategy (IFSS) programme which identifies household agricultural production as an important element of improving household-level food security. Agricultural extension is well positioned to help achieve this aim, but its current contribution is unknown. This study identif...