Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has many advantages over open cholecystectomy, but sometimes, it can cause life threatening complications. Abdominal aortic injuries are rare but if occur, usually prove fatal if not diagnosed and treated promptly. We report a case of abdominal aortic injury which occurred during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. To the best of our knowledge this would be the first...

the link between international conflict and economy linkage is one of the focal subjects in international political economy (ipe). the aim of this article is to scrutinise the impact of the economic factor on managing indo-pakistan conflict based on ipe approaches. so, the article organizes as follows: first, it is tried to provide a brief coherent theoretical framework concentrated on conflict...

The present biogeographic distribution of tiger beetle fauna is an attempt to register all modern taxa from Pakistan. It includes 55 taxa under 14 genera and 11 subgenera. Three species, Cylindera (Eriodera) albopunctata (Chaudoir 1852), Cicindela viridilabris (Chaudoir 1852) and Neocollyris (Neocollyris) redtenbacheri (Horn 1894) are recorded from Pakistan for the first time.

Introduction Various serotypes of DF were frequently reported in different regions of Pakistan on smaller scale. However, the worst dengue outbreak in Pakistan was experienced in 2011 in Lahore which is a 2nd most popolous city of Pakistan and capital of province punjab. This epidemic erupted during the post monsoon season and claimed 301 lives in just 4 months. To address that health crisis, G...

We conducted this study to obtain a comprehensive picture of molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in three neighboring countries, i.e. Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan as a basis for discussing possible hypothesis regarding between-country virus transmission. Our results showed that subtype composition differs between these countries with more variation in Pakistan than Iran and Afghanistan. The CRF3...

BACKGROUND In recent decades, community pharmacies reported a change of business model, whereby a shift from traditional services to the provision of extended roles was observed. However, such delivery of extended pharmacy services (EPS) is reported from the developed world, and there is scarcity of information from the developing nations. Within this context, the present study was aimed to exp...

A fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance rate of 5.9% is reported in 205 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients presenting to field clinics in Karachi, Pakistan (2006 to 2009). FQ resistance among multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains was 11.1% (5/45), and it was 4.9% (5/103) in M. tuberculosis strains susceptible to all first-line agents. Spoligotyping of resistant strains did not show dominan...