Some domains, like robot soccer, are difficult for agents to learn in using direct statistical and reinforcement learning techniques. However, agents often have a goal or purpose, which gives them a natural basis for reinforcement learning in the form of a fitness function. Such a fitness function allows the task of learning to be accomplished through optimization of the fitness function in the...

This paper describes how fitness inheritance can be used to estimate fitness for a proportion of newly sampled candidate solutions in the Bayesian optimization algorithm (BOA). The goal of estimating fitness for some candidate solutions is to reduce the number of fitness evaluations for problems where fitness evaluation is expensive. Bayesian networks used in BOA to model promising solutions an...

this study examines the assumption that plant resistance to herbivory has fitness costs. to assess costs, i used the standard method of determining whether there is a significant negative genetic correlation between the resistance character and damage in the presence of herbivory and with fitness in the absence of herbivory. seeds of five plants from four genotypes of arabidopsis thaliana were ...

This paper investigates fitness sharing in genetic programming. Implicit fitness sharing is applied to populations of programs. Three treatments are compared: raw fitness, pure fitness sharing, and a gradual change from fitness sharing to raw fitness. The 6and 11-multiplexer problems are compared. Using the same population sizes, fitness sharing shows a large improvement in the error rate for b...

This paper investigates fitness sharing in genetic programming. Implicit fitness sharing is applied to populations of programs. Three treatments are compared: raw fitness, pure fitness sharing, and a gradual change from fitness sharing to raw fitness. The 6and 11-multiplexer problems are compared. Using the same population sizes, fitness sharing shows a large improvement in the error rate for b...

The relationship of genotype, fitness components, and fitness can be complicated by genetic effects such as pleiotropy and epistasis and by heterogeneous environments. However, because it is often difficult to measure genotype and fitness directly, fitness components are commonly used to estimate fitness without regard to genetic architecture. The small bacteriophage X174 enables direct evaluat...

Evolutionary biologists commonly interpret adaptations of organisms by reference to a phenotype-fitness map, a model of how different states of a phenotype affect fitness. Notwithstanding the popularity of this approach, it remains difficult to directly test these mappings, both because the map often describes only a small subset of phenotypes contributing to total fitness and because direct me...