This paper presents a theory of inflation in an economy with commodity money and supports it by evidence from the inflationary episodes in France during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The paper shows that commodity money can be inflated similarly to fiat money through repeated debasements, which act like devaluation. Furthermore, as with fiat money, demand for commodity money falls wit...

In 1255, 1344, and 1408 AD, then again in 1833, 1934, and 2015, large earthquakes, devastated Kathmandu. The 1255 and 1934 surface ruptures have been identified east of the city, along comparable segments of the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT). Whether the other two pairs of events were similar is unclear. Taking into account charcoal’s age inheritance, we revisit the timing of terrace offsets at key...

Abstract The Lanna group is a traditional ceramic production style from Southeast Asia, with several kiln sites found distributed all over present northern Thailand. However, its origin and development are considered controversial chronological constraints scarce. Applied here radiocarbon dating to charcoal remains luminescence ceramics, wall material, fluvial sediments the Ban Bo Suak archaeol...

Abstract Over the last few years, Federal Institute for material research (BAM, Berlin) together with Centre Study of Manuscript Cultures (CSMC, University Hamburg) have initiated a systematic investigation black inks produced from Late Antiquity to Middle Ages (ca. fourth century CE–fourteenth/fifteenth centuries CE), aimed primarily at extending and complementing findings previous sporadic st...

one of the prominent shophists lived in 4th and 5th hegira centuries (11th & 12th ad centuries) is ibn bakooyeh shirazi. in a poetic verse that saadi (14th ad century) mentioned baba koohi as pseudonym for ibn bakuyeh shirazi and within a phrase written by isa ibn joneid shirazi (15th ad cen.) at tazkereh-e- hezar mazar (literally hgiography of thousand tombs) book with title of babakoohi as we...

Abstract Early modernists have recognized the importance of propaganda and public opinion in Scotland after development print culture Reformation. Consequently, there is an impression that these sixteenth-century developments were new features political life. Yet role rumour slander fifteenth-century has gone unnoticed, despite numerous references contemporary records. Several acts violence thr...