there are two major theories of measurement in psychometrics: classical test theory (ctt) and item-response theory (irt). despite its widespread and long use, ctt has a number of shortcomings, which make it problematic to be used for practical and theoretical purposes. irt tries to solve these shortcomings, and provide better and more dependable answers. one of the applications of irt is the as...

teachers’ beliefs greatly influence their performance in the classroom, their choice of instructional strategies, their way of controlling the class, their dealing with the students, and their general goals and objectives. one of these beliefs is teachers’ sense of efficacy which is viewed as an important construct and has shown to be positively correlated with students’ achievement (ross, 1992...

دیابت قندی شایعترین بیماری متابولیک بوده که نتیجه نقص کامل، نسبی و یا مقاومت به عمل انسولین است و دارای عوارض قلبی - عروقی ، عصبی ، کلیوی و چشمی می باشد. هدف ازاین مطالعه ‏‎experimental ‎‏ که از نوع ‏‎clinical trial‎‏‏‎(befor and after)‎‏ انجام شده ، بررسی اثر آلپرازولام بر روی کاهش قند خون ناشتا ‏‎fbs‎‏ در بیماران مبتلا به تیپ‏‎ii‎‏ دیابت‏‎niddm‎‏ است.