Action potential (AP) excitation requires a transient dominance of depolarizing membrane currents over the repolarizing membrane currents that stabilize the resting membrane potential. Such stabilizing currents, in turn, depend on passive membrane conductance (G(m)), which in skeletal muscle fibers covers membrane conductances for K(+) (G(K)) and Cl(-) (G(Cl)). Myotonic disorders and studies wi...

Objective(s):Despite of wide range applications of polymeric nanoparticles in protein delivery, there are some problems for the field of protein entrapment, initial burst and controlled release profile.   Materials and Methods: In this study, we investigated the influence of some changes in PLGA nanoparticles formulation to improve the initial and controlled release profile. Selected parameters ...

In developing organisms, divergence from the canonical cell division cycle is often necessary to ensure the proper growth, differentiation, and physiological function of a variety of tissues. An important example is endoreplication, in which endocycling cells alternate between G and S phase without intervening mitosis or cytokinesis, resulting in polyploidy. Although significantly different fro...

Cell-cycle progression is a one-way journey where the cell grows in size to be able to divide into two equally sized daughter cells. The cell cycle is divided into distinct consecutive phases defined as G(1) (first gap), S (synthesis), G(2) (second gap) and M (mitosis). A non-proliferating cell, which has retained the ability to enter the cell cycle when it receives appropriate signals, is in G...

Sixty medium-framed Hereford steers averaging 243 kg were used in an experiment including a growing period (28 wk) and a finishing period ending when the animals had approximately 4 to 10 mm of fat thickness (Canadian grade A1). Steers were assigned randomly to a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments for 28 wk (growing period). From the end of the growing period until slaughter, all steers ...

background: in iran, maize is cultivated in wide areas including northern provinces. it is one of the most important crops for poultry and livestock feeding, which is susceptible to aflatoxins (afs) contamination. so, pre-harvest maize samples from mazandaran province, north of iran were analyzed for afs contamination. objective:   methods: thirty-five pre-harvest maize samples were analyzed us...

      In this research, TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple wet chemical method. TiCl4 was used as precursor in hydrogen peroxideand ethanol. The TiO2 nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and UV-Vis spectrophotome...

In this study, neat HDPE and HDPE/PE-g-MA/EVA blend membranes were fabricated via thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) method and their fouling behaviors were examined using filtration of BSA protein. Membranes were characterized using FESEM, AFM, ATR-FTIR analyses and porosity measurement. Fouling behavior of membranes was analyzed using the resistance-in-series (RIS), classic and combine...

For any metric space $X$ endowed with the action of a group $G$, and two $n$-gons $\vec x=(x_1,\dots,x_n)\in X^n$ y=(y_1,\dots,y_n)\in in $X$, we introduce $G$-deviation $d(G\vec x,\vec y\,)$ x$ from y$ as distance $X^n$ to $G$-orbit $G\vec $n$-th power $X$. some groups $G$ affine transformations complex plane, deduce simple-to-apply formulas for calculating between on plane. We apply these def...

In this study, the changes in microstructure of HP-Nb cast heat resistant steel after 8 years of service at high temperatures were investigated. Study of microstructure using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) showed that the microstructure of this steel in as-cast condition includes an austenitic matrix, and that...