Wall displacements and ground pressure acting on the lining of a tunnel increase with time. These time-dependent deformations are both due to face advance effect and to the time-dependent behavior of the rock mass.  Viscoelastic materials exhibit both viscous and elastic behaviors. Thorough this study, the effect of different linear viscoelastic models including Maxwell, Kelvin and Kelvin-Voigt...

PURPOSE Corneal scarring in keratoconus, which is observed prior to contact lens wear and in association with a chronic habit of abnormal rubbing, suggests a keratocyte change to a repair phenotype in response to rubbing trauma. METHODS This review examines known and putative mechanisms for rubbing-related corneal trauma and cone formation. RESULTS Responses to eye rubbing (and possible cau...

[1] The exhaust plume of Phoenix’s hydrazine monopropellant pulsed descent thrusters will impact the surface of Mars during its descent and landing phase in the northern polar region. Experimental and computational studies have been performed to characterize the chemical compounds in the thruster exhausts. No undecomposed hydrazine is observed above the instrument detection limit of 0.2%. Forty...

this paper addresses the problem of quantifying the mechanical contribution of rockbolts installed systematically around tunnels (regularly spaced around the tunnel) excavated in rock masses. assuming that the mechanical contribution of grouted rockbolts is that of increasing internal pressure within a broken rock mass, a new procedure for computation of ground response curves for a circular tu...

In this paper we conduct a careful study to assess the numerical mesh resolution requirements for the accurate computation of sonic boom ground signatures produced by complete aircraft configurations. The details of the ground signature can be highly dependent on the accurate prediction of the pressure distribution in the near-field of the aircraft. For this purpose it is necessary to describe ...

What role does common ground play in the production of utterances? We outline and test two models. One model assumes that common ground is involved in initial utterance planning, while the other model assumes that it only plays a role in monitoring. To compare these models, we focus on common ground as evidenced in physical co-presence. We had speakers describe objects for listeners in a modifi...

Magnetic interactions and the pressure phase-diagram of CuGeO 3. Abstract A pressure and temperature dependent Raman study of the vibrational and spin dynamics in CuGeO 3 is presented. A new low temperature, high pressure phase has been identified, and a pressure-temperature phase-diagram is proposed for CuGeO 3. The pressure dependence of the effective exchange interaction , of the spin-Peierl...

Magnetic interactions and the pressure phase-diagram of CuGeO 3. Abstract A pressure and temperature dependent Raman study of the vibrational and spin dynamics in CuGeO 3 is presented. A new low temperature, high pressure phase has been identified, and a pressure-temperature phase-diagram is proposed for CuGeO 3. The pressure dependence of the effective exchange interaction , of the spin-Peierl...

Shrub-dwelling birds may resort to ground-foraging in the Sahel when opportunities are favourable. Several arboreal and semi-arboreal passerines, both African European, were frequently recorded foraging on ground, but not heavily grazed areas. Grazed, dry savannah probably has fewer insects which is often devoid of vegetation season. foraged more ground eastern Sahel, where grazing pressure low...