The first reports about HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) were appeared to the 1980s. By 2017 more than 37 million people living with HIV. Human papilloma virus (HPV) is universally spread, some estimates showing that 1% of sexually active population having genital warts. (HPV)-induced infection frequently accompanies clinical course and can manifest itself in a full spectrum clinical-patholog...

Human immunodeficiency virus is a retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life threatening opportunistic infections. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors are class of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV infection. RTIs inhibit activity of reverse transcriptase, a viral DNA polymerase enzyme that HIV ne...

Background: Iranian female methadone patients are at risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) due to involvement in high-risk sexual behaviours and/or needle sharing. The present study aimed to explore the perceived educational needs related to HIV among a group of Iranian female methadone patients. Methods:The research design was qualitativ...

The primate immunodeficiency virus Vif proteins are essential for replication in appropriate cultured cell systems and, presumably, for the establishment of productive infections in vivo. We describe experiments that define patterns of complementation between human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV and SIV) Vif proteins and address the determinants that underlie functional specificity. Usi...

Neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses are promising immune effectors for control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Protective activity and mechanisms of immunodeficiency virus-specific NAbs have been increasingly scrutinized in animals infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) and related viruses. Studies on such models...

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) induces a disease similar to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in cats, yet in contrast to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), CD4 is not the viral receptor. We identified a primary receptor for FIV as CD134 (OX40), a T cell activation antigen and costimulatory molecule. CD134 expression promotes viral binding and renders cells permissive for viral en...

Background: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the most life- threatening human infections. The advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has dramatically changed the course of HIV infection and patients' quality of life. In addition to the benefits, HAART can have numerous side effects and toxicities. Therefore, we aimed to assess the impact of short-term vitamins tr...

purpose : up to 70% of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) have aids-related ocular involvements which may severely affect their quality of life caused by visual impairment. this study was designed to investigate the ocular manifestations in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). methods : in this case series study, 41 hiv positive patients were investiga...

the United States are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and that the infection is undiagnosed in 20%. Today, persons infected with HIV are admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) more often than in the past. The introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to enhanced management of HIV disease, allowing infected persons to live longer and thus increasing their likelihoo...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is known to be associated with various types of glomerulonephritis. Human immunodeficiency HIV – associated kidney diseases have been classified into 3 different groups: HIVassociated nephropathy (HIVAN), also known as HIV-associated focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (HIV-FSGS), hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HIV-HUS), and HIV-associated immune comp...