Species are fundamental units of comparison in biology. The newly discovered importance and ubiquity of host-associated microorganisms are now stimulating work on the roles that microbes can play in animal speciation. We previously synthesized the literature and advanced concepts of speciation by symbiosis with notable attention to hybrid sterility and lethality. Here, we review recent studies ...

BACKGROUND Williams-Beuren Syndrome (WBS) is a genetic disorder caused by the deletion of multiples genes of long arm of chromosome 7 (region 7q11-23), which causes behavioral and intellectual disability. For the effectiveness of educational inclusion of these children, multidisciplinary approaches are needed to guide teachers and parents. AIM to describe the behavioral, cognitive and languag...

Self-injurious behavior (SIB) is a broad term describing a behavior that causes (or potentially produces) physical harm to oneself. This behavior is described in individuals intellectual and developmental disabilities, including those with autism. SIB is a severe clinical condition that produces serious medical consequences and limits life opportunities for the persons and those who care for th...

The fine motor skills of children with intellectual disabilities vary and are influenced by several factors including parents’ contributions. This study was set to determine the children's role parents in disabilities. subjects this were 47 aged 7-8 years their parents. Fine obtained through assessment using instruments Meanwhile, data on gathered a questionnaire. results showed that group most...

In many Westernized countries, including Australia, concerns about the use of psychotropic drugs to manage the challenging behavior of individuals with intellectual disability have resulted in the development of legislative and procedural controls. Although these constraints may limit indiscriminate use, employing medication remains a common practice. This study examined information about 873 i...

objective: fragile x syndrome is the second etiology for inherited mental retardation. it may concomitant with other psychiatric disorders. intellectual disability (id) is a state of functioning that typically begins in childhood and is characterized by limitations in intelligence and adaptive skills. we intend to introduce a male young patient with fragile x syndrome and obsessive-compulsive d...

In the education of pupils with Down syndrome, "simplifying" literal talk and concrete stimulation have typically played a dominant role. This explorative study investigated the extent to which teachers stimulated abstract cognitive functions via inferential talk during book-sharing and how pupils with Down syndrome responded. Dyadic interactions (N=7) were videotaped, transcribed and coded to ...