The Xenopus oocyte expression system is ideal for electrophysiological characterization of voltage-dependent and ligand-dependent ion channels because of its relatively low background of endogenous channels and the large size of the cell. Here, we present a protocol to study voltage- and ligand-dependent activation of ion channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes using patch-clamp techniques design...

Generation of ELF waves by stimulated parametric coupling of two HF waves in the lower ionosphere is considered. In this region the nonlinear force is dominated by the thermal rather than the ponderomotive nonlinearity. It is shown that this results in lowering the pump threshold for complete decay by more than an order of magnitude while achieving efficiencies in excess of those expected on th...

We study a quasi-one-dimensional steady-state Poisson-NernstPlanck model for ionic flows through membrane channels with fixed boundary ion concentrations and electric potentials. We consider two ion species, one positively charged and one negatively charged, and assume zero permanent charge. Bikerman’s local hard-sphere potential is included in the model to account for ion size effects on the i...

background and aims: from the past studies, it has been proved that consumption of heavy metals by humans may cause several chronicle problems like cancer, kidney and liver damage, high blood pressure and low blood pressure problems and etc. so, it has become very crucial to remove these heavy metals from industrial wastewater. the aim of this study was to find out a low cost and easy available...

In this research some mathematical calculations has been explained on the “ +VO2 +glycylglycine” system and some equations has been deduced to determine the stability constants ofthe equilibrium models including MLH+, ML and ML2H species (while M+ ≡ +2 VO , H2L+ ≡protonated glycylglycine and MLH+, ML and ML2H represent the considered complexes). Thecalculations are based on some relations betwe...

How science and policy interact has been a major research focus in the International Relations (IR) tradition, using the epistemic community (EC) concept, as well as in the alternative perspective of Science and Technology Studies (STS). Should science be autonomous and as apolitical as possible in order to ‘speak truth to power’, as suggested by EC or should the inevitable entanglement of scie...

an enzyme electrode was developed using the enzyme sulfite oxidase (ec1.8.3.1) immobilized onto pig intestine. hydrogen peroxide produced was monitored amperometrically. all experimental parameters such as ph, temperature, buffer constituent concentration, were thoroughly investigated and optimized when appropriate. the response to sulfite concentration was linear in the range 5.2´10-6 to 1.02´...

Interpersonal relations are in constant flux; close friendships often dissolve into enmity. We examine linguistic cues augur transitions from friendly bonds into hostile relations through conversations from online strategy games. We look at betrayal from two perspectives in a classification framework: we characterize the difference between friendships that break and friendships that last, and w...

Interpersonal communication represents one of the most important aspects in the process of education. Its role may be seen at multiple levels. It can also be considered as a generator of interpersonal relations in the educational process as well as a consequence of the established interpersonal relations at the subject level in the educational process. In other words, interpersonal communicatio...