Lexicalization-patterns, the way words are mapped onto concepts, differ from one language      to another. This study investigated the influence of first language (L1) lexicalization patterns on the processing of second language (L2) words in sentential contexts by both less proficient and more proficient Persian learners of English. The focus was on cases where two different senses of a polys...

Decision making is a big topic in Intelligence, Defense, and Security fields. However, very little work can be found in the literature about ontology languages that simultaneously support decision making under uncertainty, abstractions/generalizations with first-order expressiveness, and forward/backward compatibility with OWL—a standard language for ontologies. This work proposes PR-OWL Decisi...

This paper describes a language model adaptation method for improving speech recognition of keywords in spoken queries occurring in information retrieval tasks. The method dynamically adapts language models to keyword categories within a single utterance; it first estimates keyword categories and their positions in an input query utterance and then dynamically changes the weights for language m...

The formal language is the formalization of SystemC. The language semantics of was formally defined in a standard structured operational semantics (SOS) style. In this paper, we first provide an overview of the current status of the formal language and show some practical applications of . Then, we give an outline for the latest developments of . These developments include extensions of ! for m...

One important issue in current language acquisition research is whether the of a second fundamentally different from that first language. Researchers approaching (SLA) linguistic perspective often relate this to availability Universal Grammar acquisition. The main focus paper examine role and what extent it plays process. To illustrate this, four access hypotheses or theories were given.
 ...

Modern IDEs have an open-ended plugin architecture to allow customizability. However, developing a plugin is costly in terms of effort and expertise required by the customizer. We present a two-pronged approach that allows for open-ended customizations while keeping the customization cost low. First, we explicitly limit the portion of the design space targeted by the configuration mechanism. Th...