The mammary gland undergoes extensive tissue remodeling and cell death at the end of lactation in a process known as involution. We present evidence that the prolactin-activated transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 5a (Stat5a) has a crucial role in the regulation of cell death during mammary gland involution. In a transforming growth factor-alpha transgenic mous...

Mammary gland involution is the most dramatic example of physiological cell death. It occurs through an initial phase of lysosomal-mediated cell death (LCD) followed by mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. Zinc (Zn) activates both LCD and apoptosis in vitro. The Zn transporter ZnT2 imports Zn into vesicles and mitochondria and ZnT2-overexpression activates cell death in mammary epithelial cells (M...

BACKGROUND Insulin like growth factors (IGFs) and their binding proteins (IGFBPs) are secreted peptides that play major roles in regulating the normal development and maturation of mammary gland. While Igfbp7 has been shown to decrease breast tumor growth, its role in regulating the normal mammary gland development has not been studied. To this end, we generated Igfbp7-null mice and examined th...

Although interleukin-10 (IL-10) is known to contribute to inflammation and pathogenesis in mammalian organs, little is known about its precise role in the mammary gland. We found that IL-10 levels fluctuated during the mouse mammary cycle, showing little expression at the lactation stage and the highest expression at the involution stage. To reveal the effects of IL-10 on involution, expression...

Consider an o-minimal expansion of the real field. We show that definable Lipschitz continuous maps can be definably fine approximated by definable continuously differentiable Lipschitz maps whose Lipschitz constant is close to that of the original map.

We show that the formalism of overpartitions gives a simple involution for the product definition of the Gaussian coefficients. In the formulation of our involution, an overline in the representation of an overpartition is endowed with a weight.

In the paper, a global optimization problem is considered where the objective function f(x) is univariate, black-box, and its first derivative f (x) satisfies the Lipschitz condition with an unknown Lipschitz constant K. In the literature, there exist methods solving this problem by using an a priori given estimate of K, its adaptive estimates, and adaptive estimates of local Lipschitz constant...

We show that if Y is a separable subspace of a Banach space X such that both X and the quotient X/Y have Cp-smooth Lipschitz bump functions, and U is a bounded open subset of X, then, for every uniformly continuous function f : Y ∩U → R and every ε > 0, there exists a Cp-smooth Lipschitz function F : X → R such that |F (y)− f(y)| ≤ ε for every y ∈ Y ∩U . If we are given a separable subspace Y o...