One of the significant strategies of the power systems is Economic Dispatch (ED) problem, which is defined as the optimal generation of power units to produce energy at the lowest cost by fulfilling the demand within several limits. The undeniable impacts of ramp rate limits, valve loading, prohibited operating zone, spinning reserve and multi-fuel option on the economic dispatch of practical p...

this paper deals with local buckling analysis of rectangular functionally graded material plates using finite strip method and based on classical plate theory. the modulus of elasticity of the plate is assumed to vary according to a power-law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. the principle of minimum total potential energy is employed to obtain stiffness and sta...

r ire ents, enterprises are i i it assive ptical Network i l s. assive Optical LANs i l i i i lt r ho they do busines , while existing services provided by their networks remain the same with no cha ge to core and user d vic s. Additionally, enterprises are saving up to 30%–50% of capital costs, 50%–70% of ongoing operational costs, 30%–65% on energy and 90% of the rack space while exceeding th...