However, not much was understood on the structure of 123-avoiding up-down words. In this paper, we fill in this gap by introducing the notion of a cut-pair that allows us to subdivide the set of words in question into equivalence classes. We provide a combinatorial argument to show that the number of equivalence classes is given by the Catalan numbers, which induces an alternative (combinatoria...

Rural firms have a higher survival rate than urban firms. Over the first 13 years after firm entry, the hazard rate for firm exits is persistently higher for urban firms. While differences in firm attributes explain some of the rural-urban gap in firm survival, rural firms retain a survival advantage 18.5% greater than observationally equivalent urban firms. We argue that in competitive markets...

in this paper, the notions of $(t,s)$-composition matrix and$(t,s)$-interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy equivalence matrix areintroduced where $(t,s)$ is a dual pair of triangular module. theyare the generalization of composition matrix and interval-valuedintuitionistic fuzzy equivalence matrix. furthermore, theirproperties and characterizations are presented. then a new methodbased on $tilde{...

Abstract Translation of literary texts, especially poetry, is one of the most difficult tasks; it requires mastery and knowledge of the language system and culture, and lack of this might lead to wrong translation. This study aimed to examine the loss and gain of the sociocultural implicit meanings in the English translations of the Mu’allaqat, and assess whether the translators of the Mu’allaq...

This paper, deals with some equivalence relations in fuzzy subgroups. Further the probability of commuting two fuzzy subgroups of some finite abelian groups is defined.

this study was an attempt to investigate the effect of lexicon-based debates on the felicity of lexical equivalents in translating literary texts by iranian efl learners.  to fulfill the purpose of this study, 59 university students, majoring in english translation, were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups from a total of 73 students based on their performance on a mock toe...