In this test setup, embedded die surface temperature sensors are used to assess device electromigration performance using a high precision, high density, resistance measurement system. Solder bump failures are found to result from voiding at the UBM/solder interface where CuSn intermetallic formation and vacancy pileup are observed. The driving mechanisms for electromigration induced voiding ar...

Recently, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have gained a great attention due to their ability to monitor various environments, such as temperature, pressure sound, etc. They are constructed from a large number of sensor nodes with computation and communication abilities. Most probably, sensors are deployed in an uncontrolled environment and hence their failures are inevitable all times of work. ...

Article history: Received 24 January 2009 Accepted 19 July 2010 Available online 27 July 2010

The expectation of a random variable is its average value, where each value is weighted according to the probability that it comes up. The expectation is also called the expected value or the mean of the random variable. For example, suppose we select a student uniformly at random from the class, and let R be the student’s quiz score. Then E [R] is just the class average —the first thing everyo...

This open-access article is published and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial No Derivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits the noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction of the article in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. You may not alter, transform, or build upon this article witho...

This open-access article is published and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial No Derivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits the noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction of the article in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. You may not alter, transform, or build upon this article witho...

In large-scale systems where number of components can approach a million a failure is a significant problem. In this paper authors have presented and analyzed failure data from different large systems. More than 100,000 disks with different interfaces which come from at least four different vendors have been investigated. According to information which one can find in datasheets the annual fail...