The bullwhip effect is defined as the distortion of demand information as one moves upstream in the supply chain, causing severe inefficiencies in the whole supply chain. Although extensive research has been conducted to study the causes of the bullwhip effect and seek mitigation solutions with respect to several demand processes, less attention has been devoted to the ...

In this paper, we examine the issue of order coordination between a supplier and multiple retailers in a decentralized multi-echelon inventory/distribution system where the supplier provides a product to multiple retailers who experience static demand and standard inventory costs. Specifically, we propose and analyze a new policy where a manufacturer, who outsources production to an OEM, offers...

Nowadays, researches pay more attention to environmental concerns consisted of various communities. This study proposes a multi-echelon, multi-period closed-loop supply chain (CLSC). A comprehensive model considers the selection of selection of technology and environmental effects. The supply chain is under a build-to-order (BTO) environment. So, there is not a final product inventory. Also, th...

In a production-inventory system, the manufacturer produces the items at a rate, e.g. R, dispatches the order quantities to the customers in specific intervals and stores the excess inventory for subsequent deliveries. Therefore each inventory cycle of the manufacturer can be divided into two phases, first is the period of production, the second is when the manufacturer does not do any producti...

In many industrial sectors, firms are dealing with a demand which is more and more uncertain often due to the supply chain structure. One of the most critical effects of demand uncertainty is the simultaneous increase of inventories and decrease of customer service. This work describes an integrated system for managing inventories in a multi-echelon spare parts supply chain, in which customers ...

This paper considers a two-echelon distribution inventory system with a central warehouse and a number of retailers. There is direct customer demand also at the warehouse. If this upstream demand requires a high service, it may be advantageous to give higher priority to customer orders compared to retailer replenishments. We suggest and evaluate two techniques for handling this situation. One t...