Aims: Spinal analgesia is the most common method that provides pain relief during labor and controversy exists about its effect on the maternal and fetal among the women. This study was conducted to determine the effect of intrathecal analgesia (ITA) on perineal laceration, duration of the first, second, and third stage of labor, and Apgar score. Materials & Methods: Fifty primipara parturien...

abstract while the level of women’s participation in the labor market is on the rise in the world, the level of participation of iranian women has not proportionately increased, and women constitute only a small portion of the active population in iran. among factors affecting women’s participation in the labor market are the decisions concerning retirement and the willingness to work by the mi...

The participation of women in the labor force has increased substantially during the past half century. In 1930, the 10 million women workers represented only 24 percent of all women and 22 percent of the total labor force (table 1). By 1957, the number of women workers had doubled and their labor-force participation had increased to 37 percent. In 1983, 48 million women were in the labor force...

MethodsUsing time series data of national level (1967 to 2012 years), we explored the association between total fertility rate, GDP per capita, number of physician per 1000 populations, female labor force participation rate, percentage of people living in rural regions and mean years schooling for each people with infant mortality rate of Iran. These data were obtained from Central Bank of Isla...

decent work is a new concept that has recently entered in international labor market economic literature and according to a good number of authorities it is one of the major aspects of sustainable developments that can lead to poverty reduction. on the other hand, international labor office (ilo) has considered decent work as the basis of its major framework of activities. ilo intends to encour...

Abstract Considering that vaginal delivery is a painful process, the present study investigated the effects of Citrus aurantium on the severity of first-stage labor pain in primiparous women. This study was a randomized clinical trial conducted with 126 eligible primiparous patients. The pain severity of patients was measured at the time of enrolling in the study. In the intervention group, (ar...

Abstract Considering that vaginal delivery is a painful process, the present study investigated the effects of Citrus aurantium on the severity of first-stage labor pain in primiparous women. This study was a randomized clinical trial conducted with 126 eligible primiparous patients. The pain severity of patients was measured at the time of enrolling in the study. In the intervention group, (ar...