Thinking is one of the most interesting mental processes. Its complexity is sometimes simplified and its different manifestations are classified into normal and abnormal, like the delusional and disorganized thought or the creative one. The boundaries between these facets of thinking are fuzzy causing difficulties in medical, academic, and philosophical discussions. Considering the dopaminergic...

Thinking is one of the most interesting mental processes. Its complexity is sometimes simplified and its different manifestations are classified into normal and abnormal, like the delusional and disorganized thought or the creative one. The boundaries between these facets of thinking are fuzzy causing difficulties in medical, academic, and philosophical discussions. Considering the dopaminergic...

The critical thinking literature emphasizes the continuous need of understanding meaning a complex concept as thinking. Previous research provides multiple theoretical approaches on thinking, including different and operational definition, methods for developing measurements tools within formal educations. In this study, we focus reviewing main insights from previous studies with specific aim p...

the main purpose of this research is to evaluate and compare the educational ideas of piajet and lipman, with emphasis on philosophy of education programs for children. in the late 1960s in usa, matthew lipman, the professor of montclair university, designed and presented a program as philosophy for children that based on the best time to shape thinking skills is in child and with through refle...

When we compare mathematics with logic in regard to the role assigned to these two domains of knowledge within philosophical thinking, we find a disagreement among philosophers. For some logic is singled out; for them, logic in the broader sense is the λóγoς, that what is rational, and logic in the narrower sense is the inventory of elementary insights which should lie beneath all consideration...

When we compare mathematics with logic in regard to the role these two domains of knowledge [Erkenntnisgebieten] are assigned to within philosophical thinking, we find a disagreement among the philosophers. For some logic is primary [das Ausgezeichnete]; for them, logic in the wide sense is the λóγoς, that what is rational, and logic the narrower sense is the inventory [Bestand] of elementary i...

In philosophical theory, as well as in common parlance, the words self and person are often used interchangeably, usually, but not always, in an effort to express the same idea. For instance, John Locke, in one of the most consequential discussions relating these terms, declared that: ‘PERSON, as I take it, is the name for . . . self. Wherever a man finds what he calls himself, there, I think, ...

Theories concerning the structure, or format, of mental representation should (1) be formulated in mechanistic, rather than metaphorical terms; (2) do justice to several philosophical intuitions about mental representation; and (3) explain the human capacity to predict the consequences of worldly alterations (i.e., to think before we act). The hypothesis that thinking involves the application o...

The basic ideas and principles of granular computing (GrC) have been studied explicitly or implicitly in many fields in isolation. With the recent renewed and fast growing interest, it is time to extract the commonality from a diversity of fields and to study systematically and formally the domain independent principles of granular computing in a unified model. A framework of granular computing...