Successful firms’ demand often exceeds capacity, generating congestion. Given innovative, high-quality products’ ramp-up costs from technological constraints or limited labor supply, a question arises: Why do successful firms not raise prices to increase revenues given excess demand? For new products and experience goods, communicating quality to consumers is challenging, and congestion may ser...

the agricultural products’ market has always been faced with many structural problems such as marketing weakness, price fluctuations and inadequate infrastructure and transportation in iran. a major cause of such structural problems has been referred to the traditional and inefficient structure of the agricultural products’ market. hence, iran mercantile exchange started its activity since 2007...

Daily returns of nancial assets are frequently found to exhibit positive autocor-relation at lag 1. When specifying a linear AR(1) conditional mean, one may ask how this predictability aaects option prices. We investigate the dependence of option prices on autoregressive dynamics under stylized facts of stock returns, i.e., conditional heteroskedasticity, leverage eeect, and conditional leptoku...

This paper introduces a new theoretical model to explore how the behavior of heterogeneous intermediate suppliers affects the product quality choice of heterogeneous final good producers. It explains the choices of quality, inputs and the export prices of a multi-product firm in response to different market characteristics. We found that a more productive firm exports a larger and higher qualit...

in last 1990 decade and early 21 century due to high fluctuations in assets prices and occurring asset price bubbles, most studies in monetary economics has concentrated on the reaction of monetary policy to movement in asset prices. the purpose of this paper is to analyze the suitable reaction of monetary policy to movement in asset prices in iran. this analysis is based on the structural var ...

CONCLUSION Using data from PRICENTRICTM, we collected net and list ex-factory prices for Avastin, Caprelsa and Vidaza across EU-28. Countries that do not use formal IRP as a price setting mechanism were excluded from the analysis, countries that consider price reviews were included. In the case of Germany, the negotiated AMNOG price minus mandatory rebates was used, for Italy the AIFA price and...