This paper investigates whether high borrowing costs deterred investment in sanitation infrastructure late nineteenth-century Britain. Town Councils had to borrow fund investment, with considerable variation interest rates across towns and over time. Panel regressions, using annual data from more than 800 town councils, indicate that higher were associated lower levels of between 1887 1903. Ins...

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess organizational and personnel structure in Iranian Agriculture Extension System (IAES). The research instrument was a structural questionnaire including close-ended questions which its validity and reliability was confirmed by using expert panel and Cranach’s alpha test, respectively. The statistical population of this research included all public ...

China’s rapid industrialization and urbanization in recent decades have deteriorated its water resource quality. This study focused on pollution terms of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels ammonia nitrogen industrial household discharges different Chinese provinces. Although heterogeneity environmental Kuznets curves (EKCs) from provinces has been studied, positions provincial EKCs (which ...

This flash examines trends in market participation by smallholder farmers in rural central and northern Mozambique between 2008, when prices of many commodities rose to previously unseen levels, and 2011. Using panel data for 2008 and 2011, the analysis describes marketing dynamics – entry, exit, and persistence of participation, and the trends in marketing intensity associated with those dynam...

The cost of enforcing contracts is a key determinant of market performance. We document this point with reference to the credit market. We start by presenting a model of opportunistic debtors and inefficient courts. According to the model, improvements in judicial efficiency reduce credit rationing and increase lending, while have an ambiguous effect on interest rates, depending on banking comp...

This paper addresses the effects of economic transition policies on forestry in China. The effects of de-collectivization and market liberalization on the forest land area and timber harvest are studied using panel data from four provinces covering the period 1978]1995. Fixed effects ordinary least squares models for forest land cover and annual harvests per hectare are estimated, allowing for ...

Background: Air pollution has become an important factor restricting China's economic development and has subsequently brought a series of social problems, including the impact of air pollution on the health of residents, which is a topical issue in China. Methods: Taking into account this spatial imbalance, the paper is based on the spatial panel data model PM2.5. Respiratory disease mortality...