Rhesus monkeys have been shown to prefer risky over safe options in experiential decision-making tasks. These findings might be due, however, to specific contextual factors, such as small amounts of fluid reward and minimal costs for risk-taking. To better understand the factors affecting decision-making under risk in rhesus monkeys, we tested multiple factors designed to increase the stakes in...

Alarm calling is common in many species. A prevalent assumption is that calling puts the vocalizing individual at increased risk of predation. If calling is indeed costly, we need special explanations for its evolution and maintenance. In some, but not all species, callers vocalize away from safety and thus may be exposed to an increased risk of predation. However, for species that emit bouts w...

Objective: Lifestyle-related risks are known to have a strong impact on health. Health outcomes also depend on many other factors, such as environmental pollution and the use of public health services, but another very important factor is lifestyle. In our study we investigate people's health-risk behavior and distinguish between possible behavior patterns in the German population. For our stud...

Natural soils have been polluted by variety of human activity such as urbanization, industrialization and excessive fertilizer pesticide usage. However, the agricultural alongside highways, especially those international ones, are relatively at higher risk heavy metal pollution depending on intensive track traffic. Therefore, total 72 soil samples from 24 sampling sites were taken 5 km interval...

BACKGROUND Bicycle use entails high safety and health risks especially for adolescents. Most safety education programs aimed at adolescents focus on accident statistics and risk perceptions. This paper proposes the investigation of the social-cognitive correlates of risky cycling behaviors of adolescents prior to developing safety education programs. METHOD Secondary school students aged 13 t...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Life transitions such as retirement may influence alcohol consumption, but only a few studies have described this using longitudinal data. We identified patterns and predictors of risky drinking around the time of retirement. DESIGN A cohort study assessing trajectories and predictors of risky drinking among employees entering statutory retirement between 2000 and 2011. ...