abstract in this research sand drifts potential using sand rose graph software and fryberger velocity classes’ method investigated. thus wind data between 1985 and 2005 from meteorological stations of jask and kerman were analyzed to examine sand drift potential. sand drift potential amount of kerman station was 412.6 using sand rose graph and 401.09 using fryberger,s method. sand drift potenti...

The effects of interconnect length on the reliability of dual-damascene Cu metallization have been investigated. As in Al-based interconnects, the lifetimes of Cu lines increase with decreasing length. However, unlike Al-based interconnects, no critical length exists, below which all Cu lines are ‘immortal’. Furthermore, we found multi-modal failure statistics for long lines, suggesting multipl...

The mechanism of copper (Cu) voids formation from electro-chemical plating (ECP) followed by Cu chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) are studied in Cu dual-damascene interconnection. The formation of Cu voids at metal lines is the main problem that causes not only the failure of via-induced metal-island corrosion but also yield loss. The galvanic theory and Cu lifting mechanism are proposed to e...

519 Biologically relevant information in acoustic signals often is present in its temporal structure. For example, the temporal relationships of particular acoustic elements are important for identifying human speech signals1, the proximity of a target in bat sonar2, songs in birds3, and calls in anuran amphibians4 (frogs and toads) and crickets5. In the sensory periphery, these signals are rep...

To cite: Rufino R, Marques BL, Costa CH. Thorax Published Online First: 19 December 2012 doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012202827 A 32-year-old man worked as a subsistence farmer raising pigs and tending his small garden; he also kept cats and dogs. He reported fever, night sweats, weight loss of 10 kg over 3 months, haemoptysis and skin ulcers (figure 1). Radiography and chest CT scan (figure 2) showe...

not understand how she came to have parents so entirely different from herself. Spurred by various emotional urges she sets out on a crusade to '' live her own life.'' Usually she discovers herself inadequate to meet life as independently as she would like. She finds also that the consequences of independence are somewhat staggering. It is difficult to understand how anyone who has worked with ...