In the lexical ambiguity literature, it is well-established that readers experience processing difficulties when they encounter biased homographs in a subordinate-instantiating prior context (i.e., the subordinate bias effect). To investigate the time course of this effect, the present study examined distributional analyses of first-fixation durations on 60 biased homographs that were each read...

Although social behaviour can bring many benefits to an individual, there are also costs that may be incurred whenever the members of a social group interact. The formation of dominance hierarchies could offer a means of reducing some of the costs of social interaction, but individuals within the hierarchy may end up paying differing costs dependent upon their position within the hierarchy. The...

Dimension-independent Harnack inequalities are derived for a class of subordinate semigroups. In particular, for a diffusion satisfying the BakryEmery curvature condition, the subordinate semigroup with power α satisfies a dimension-free Harnack inequality provided α ∈ ` 1 2 , 1 ́ , and it satisfies the log-Harnack inequality for all α ∈ (0, 1). Some infinite-dimensional examples are also presen...

A specific singularity of a vector field on R is considered, of codimension 2 in the dissipative case and of codimension 1 in the conservative case. In both contexts in generic unfoldings the existence is proved of subordinate Sil'nikov bifurcations, which have codimension 1. Special attention is paid to the C°°-flatness of this subordinate phenomenon.

Early social environment can play a significant role in shaping behavioural development. For instance, in many social mammals and birds, isolation rearing results in individuals that are less exploratory, shyer, less social and more aggressive than individuals raised in groups. Moreover, dynamic aspects of social environments, such as the nature of relationships between individuals, can also im...

We used a large field sample (N 1⁄4 32; 854) to test popular press claims and propositions from relational demography theory that the ethnic congruence of the supervisor–subordinate dyad is associated with positive employee outcomes. Results indicate that ethnic congruence was positively associated with subordinates’ level in the organization and salary. These relationships were moderated by ty...

Concentrations of serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and tryptophan (TRP, the amino acid precursor of 5-HT) were measured, and 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios calculated, in the telencephalon, hypothalamus and brain stem of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) with 1–21 days experience of a dominant or subordinate position in a pair. Brain 5-HIAA levels and 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios (an index of se...