The yield of various forest variables is predicted by means of a simulation system to provide information for forest management planning. These predictions contain many kinds of uncertainty, for example, prediction and measurement errors. Inevitably, this has an effect on forest management planning. It is well known that uncertainty in the forest yields causes optimistic bias in the observed va...

Out of the various existing ultrasonic power measurement techniques, the radiation force balance method using microbalance is most widely used in low power (below 1 W) regime. The major source of uncertainty associated with this technique is the error in ac voltage measurement applied to the transducer for the generation of ultrasonic waves. The sources that deteriorate the ac voltage measureme...

Model-based vision allows the recovery and tracking of the 3D position and orientation of a known object from a sequence of images. A Kalman filter can be used to improve the tracking stability with three main benefits. Firstly it is an optimal filter in the least squares sense, with the added advantage that the physical dynamics and constraints of the tracking problem can easily be built into ...

Abstract Measurement uncertainty, as established in the Guide to Expression of Uncertainty (GUM), is a central concept metrology. The GUM known for its detailed discussions on concepts true value and error their relation measurement uncertainty. However, statements have been source conceptual controversies, sometimes leading inconsistent or unclear descriptions value, error, Here, we discuss th...

An extensive error analysis for arbitrary near-field antenna measurements is performed. Expressions are derived to estimate the far-field uncertainty using the available near-field data together with the measurement inaccuracy but, most importantly, without the knowledge of the reference far field. Error analysis techniques presented so far either assume a specific set of antennas or a specific...

A representative individual lives for two periods; works when young and depends on savings and a government operated social security system when old—the returns on both sources of income, when old, are random. Due to administrative problems the returns to savings are observed with some measurement error. Two alternative consumption tax systems are considered; the Registered Asset Treatment (RAT...

This tutorial focuses on measurement uncertainty estimation in amperometric sensors (both for liquid and gas-phase measurements). The main uncertainty sources are reviewed and their contributions are discussed with relation to the principles of operation of the sensors, measurement conditions and properties of the measured samples. The discussion is illustrated by case studies based on the two ...

Ginseng is one of famous herbs, which has many medical functions, such as neuroprotective effects, and anticancer function, because ginseng contains many active substances, and threonine is one important ingredient. In this study, to establish a mathematical model of uncertainty assessment for Threonine content in Ginseng by the amino acid assay, the sources of uncertainty in the measurement pr...