Graves' disease is a self-limiting autoimmune thyroid disorder caused by stimulating antibodies to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor. It usually affects middle-aged females in fourth sixth decade of life. distinguished keratopathy, chemosis, proptosis, and eyelid swelling, addition ocular discomfort. A total 3-5% cases present with severe form orbitopathy, which manifests diminution visi...

Graves’ disease (GD) is an autoimmune thyroid disorder (AITD) with aberrant antibody production resulting in hyperthyroidism [1]. It is characterized by T cell and B cell reactivity to the thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone; TSH) receptor (TSHR) located on the endothelial surface of thyroid follicular cells, and the presence of abundant serum antibodies against TSHR (TRAb) is used as a sp...

PURPOSE To better understand the pathogenesis of thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) through elucidating the role of thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) and CD40 in the expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in peripheral blood fibrocytes. Fibrocytes infiltrate the orbit of patients with TAO, where they differentiate into fibroblasts. Fibrocyte precursors occur with increased frequency in the peripheral b...

PURPOSE We aimed to determine differentially expressed genes relevant to orbital inflammation and orbital fat expansion in thyroid orbitopathy (TO) using microarray gene profiling in a case-control study. METHODS Human orbital adipose samples were obtained from individuals with active TO (n = 12), inactive TO (n = 21), and normal controls (n = 21). Gene expression profiles were examined using...

BACKGROUND Selenium (Se) is a trace element that plays key roles in thyroid physiology. Se deficiency is associated with increased risk of thyroid disease. Some evidence suggests that Se supplementation may be beneficial in autoimmune thyroid disease (either hypo- or hyperthyroidism). OBJECTIVES We sought to examine the use of Se in daily clinical practice among Italian endocrinologists. ME...

Abstract Immunotherapy medicines (immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICIs) that work directly on the immune system have shown vastly increased survival for people with cancer in phases 2 and 3 clinical studies during past few years. Nevertheless, ICI treatment (irAEs) may trigger immune-related adverse effects. An underactive thyroid is among most frequent endocrine irAE, affecting about 40% of indi...

Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is the most common organ-specific autoimmune disorder. AITD development occurs due to loss of immune tolerance and reactivity to thyroid autoantigens: thyroid peroxidase (TPO), thyroglobulin (TG) and thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR). This leads to infiltration of the gland by T cells and B cells that produce antibodies specific for clinical manifesta...