Some applications such as the autonomous navigation in natural terrain and the automation of map making process require highlevel scene descriptions as well as geometrical representation of the natural terrain environments. In this paper, we present methods for building high level terrain descriptions, referred to as topographic maps, by extracting terrain features like “peaks,” “pits,” “ridges...

Digital elevation models (dems) provide the basic information required to characterise the topographic attributes of terrain. The primary derived topographic parameters associated with DEMs are slope and aspect. Slope and aspect can be used to calculate other significant topographic parameters such as upslope area and topographic index. The topographic index, in turn, can be used by distributed...

enzymes are so crucial in the mineralization process of organic material. information of the soil enzymes activity is used in determining of the soil microbial properties and they are also important in soil health and quality. topographic attributes, soil properties and soil enzymes are associated together. hence, it is essential to know how these parameters affect on the soil enzymes activity....

A system for object-based classification of landscape types incorporating topographic data was designed and tested in a Japanese countryside target area. IKONOS data (Japan Space Imaging multi-spectral resolution 4 meter, panchromatic resolution 1 meter) acquired on 23 April 2001 was utilized, and the classification used Definiens Ver.5 software (Definiens). Initial segmentation was a muli-reso...

PURPOSE To describe topographic and endoscopic anatomy of guinea pig ear for development of surgical approaches in experimental studies. METHODS Experimental study. Eight adult guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) were used in this study. Four animals were described through endoscopic view and four animals were used to describe topographic anatomy. RESULTS The main structures of middle ear were we...

In the history of surveying and mapping, a large volumes of topographic maps and digital elevation models have been created at various scales throughout the world. However, positional errors and geometric distortions may exist in the topographic contour maps and their derived DEMs due to inaccurate ground control and poor navigation techniques in the early years. In this paper, we present a new...

Topographic prominence can be defined as the perceived difference in height between an individual and their surroundings within a defined neighborhood. Because this difference can be seen as an element of visual/political control, topographic prominence may provide clues to perceived social hierarchy and rank. This study uses ARC/GRID to discover topographic prominence in a landscape at a varie...