Participatory design is often promoted as an inclusive, open-ended, and fluid methodology for giving voice to marginalised underrepresented user groups. In contrast, participatory can also be used a tool political regeneration therefore sometimes criticised ineffectual tokenistic. Levels of stakeholder participation are not explicitly quantifiable, the degree which groups may involved in decisi...

Abstract Realist political theory is often confronted with the objection that it biased towards status quo. Although this criticism overlooks fact realist theories contain various resources for critique, a approach strong in quo critique and contributes, constructively, to theorising of alternatives desideratum. The article argues contextual realism, which sources its normativity from particula...