Bilateral contract transaction among generation companies and large consumers is attracting much attention in the electricity market. A large consumer can purchase energy from generation companies directly under a bilateral contract, which can guarantee the economic interests of both sides. However, in pursuit of more profit, the competitions in the transaction exist not only between the compan...

It is well known that social, cultural and economic factors cause substantial inequalities in health. Should we strive to achieve a more even share of good health, beyond improving the average health status of the population? We examine four arguments for the reduction of health inequalities.1 Inequalities are unfair. Inequalities in health are undesirable to the extent that they are unfair, or...

Inequalities in health and health care are caused by different factors. Measuring "unfair" inequalities implies that a distinction is introduced between causal variables leading to ethically legitimate inequalities and causal variables leading to ethically illegitimate inequalities. An example of the former could be life-style choices, an example of the latter is social background. We show how ...

Unfair treatment may evoke more negative emotions in individuals scoring higher on neuroticism, thereby possibly impacting their decision-making in these situations. To investigate the neural basis of social decision-making in these individuals, we examined interpersonal reactions to unfairness in the Ultimatum Game (UG). We measured brain activation with fMRI in 120 participants selected based...

Much has been written and discussed regarding the rise of personalization in online services. The Internet is now unique to every user, from advertising to search to pricing. Personalization has multiple benefits to users, as it can save time by extrapolating unstated details like location to enrich the online experience. However, personalization may not benefit all users equally. Some users ma...

The problem of unfair testimonies remains an open issue in reputation systems for online trading communities. A common attempt is to use binary ratings to model sellers’ reputation. However, this attempt leads to that the research of tackling unfair testimonies also focuses on reputation systems using binary ratings. In this extended abstract, we propose a two-stage clustering approach to filte...

BACKGROUND There is general consensus internationally that unfair distribution of the benefits of research is exploitative and should be avoided or reduced. However, what constitutes fair benefits, and the exact nature of the benefits and their mode of provision can be strongly contested. Empirical studies have the potential to contribute viewpoints and experiences to debates and guidelines, bu...