—We assessed the precision of visual estimates of vegetation and substrate along transects in 15 shallow, natural Nebraska lakes. Vegetation type (submergent or emergent), vegetation density (sparse, moderate, or dense), and substrate composition (percentage sand, muck, and clay; to the nearest 10%) were estimated at 25–70 sampling sites per lake by two independent observers. Observer agreement...

Small mammals provide ecosystem services, acting, for example, as pollinators and seed dispersers. In addition, they are also disease reservoirs that can be detrimental to human health and they can also act as crop pests. Knowledge of their dispersal preferences is therefore useful for population management and landscape planning. Genetic data were used alongside landscape data to examine the i...

Complexity theory predicts that local feedback processes may strongly affect the organization of ecosystems on larger spatial scales. Whether complexity leads to increased resilience and stability or to increased vulnerability and criticality remains one of the dominant questions in ecology. We present a combined theoretical and empirical study of complex dynamics in mineralogenic salt marsh ec...

Vegetation poses a significant problem to computer graphics because the geometric complexity of plants does not lend itself very well to traditional simplification approaches. This thesis presents new algorithms that address these issues at different scales, for rendering individual plants as well as entire landscapes. For individual plants we introduce Displacement Mapped Billboard Clouds, an ...

recently tasks, as the basic units of syllabi, and the cognitive complexity, as the criterion for sequencing them, have caught many second language researchers’ attention. this study sought to explore the effect of utilizing the cognitively simple and complex tasks on high- and low-proficient efl iranian writers’ linguistic performance, i.e., fluency, accuracy, lexical complexity, and structura...

evaluative and comparative analysis among educational projects remains an issue for administration, program directors, instructors, and educational institutes. this study reports a fuzzy complexity model for educational projects, which has two primary aspects (technical aspects and transparency aspects). these aspects may not be measured precisely due to uncertain situations. therefore, a fuzzy...

Current high spatial resolution satellite sensors lack the spectral resolution required for many quantitative remote sensing applications and, given the limited spectral resolution, they only allow the calculation of a limited number of vegetation indices and remote sensing products. Additionally if short revisit time is required for management applications, the cost of high resolution imagery ...

Species composition can vary among different types of habitat and is defined by the dependency species on resources. The positive relationship between forest functions increasing interest to researchers. In this study, we focused structural complexity index (SCI) Caucasian grouse (Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi) habitat, which an indicator in mountain habitats Arasbaran biosphere reserve, Iran. Data wer...