For over 50 years the U.S. has been shifting away hom small, neighborhood schools to larger schools in lower density areas. Rates of children walking and biking to school have declined significantly over this period. This study examines the relationship between urban form, distance, and middle school students walking and biking to and from four schools in Oregon. Five primary results emerge: (1...

Considerable recent attention has focused on the black-white achievement gap and its growth during the school years. Prior work has suggested that identifiable school characteristics have little to do with the changing gap. Our preliminary analysis, however, suggests that differences in the schools attended by blacks and whites combined with the added sensitivity of blacks to the racial composi...

In this short note, we give a brief introduction to the status of technology usage in mathematics education in China. We first introduce the government’s effort to build the infrastructure for CAI. Then we discuss representative CAI software systems developed in China. Finally we discuss efforts to integrate technology and education in middle schools, and curriculum developments. 1 Infrastructu...

PURPOSE To evaluate the impact of the Second Step: Student Success Through Prevention (SS-SSTP) Middle School Program on reducing youth violence including peer aggression, peer victimization, homophobic name calling, and sexual violence perpetration and victimization among middle school sixth-grade students. METHODS The study design was a nested cohort (sixth graders) longitudinal study. We r...

Increasing rates of obesity among children ages 12 to 19 years have led to recommendations to alter the school food environment. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are associations between an altered school food environment and food choices of middle school students both in and outside of school. In a midsized western city, two of six middle schools allowed only bottled wa...

OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of a school-based intervention to promote healthful nutrition and physical activity on disordered weight-control behaviors (self-induced vomiting or use of laxatives or diet pills to control weight) in early adolescent girls and boys. DESIGN Using a group-randomized, controlled-trial design, we randomly assigned middle schools to an intervention or control co...

This product is part of the RAND Education working paper series. RAND working papers are intended to share researchers' latest findings and to solicit additional peer review. This paper has been peer reviewed but not edited. Unless otherwise indicated, working papers can be quoted and cited without permission of the author, provided the source is clearly referred to as a working paper. RAND's p...

The BIP framework provides a methodology supported by a tool chain for developing software for embedded systems. The design of a BIP system follows the decomposition in behavior, interaction and priority. The first step comprises the division of desired behavior of a system into components. In a second step interactions and their priorities are added between the components. Finally, machine cod...

In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: Background: The Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004 (hereafter called the 2004 Reauthorization Act) was fede...